Saturday, August 31, 2019
Masanobu Hirasawa
EXPERIENCE SUMMARY Extensive experience in mortgage origination, warehousing, securitization, market-making and risk management industries. Demonstrated success in developing new businesses, expanding client base, controlling costs and improving profitability. Highly-skilled in a full spectrum of mortgage-backed functions, including sales/trading, risk management, investment analysis, client presentations, cash flow modeling and performance analysis.OBJECTIVEBank management position supervising mortgage-backed properties division.EXPERIENCETOKYO STAR BANK, LTD., Tokyo, Japan                                                            Mar 2006-PresentGeneral Manager, Business Strategy & CoordinationBegan the first private mortgage conduit in Japan. Created third-party origination (correspondent l ending) and securitization platform during my first eight months.  Identified unique emerging market opportunities in Japan and founded program to provide specialized long-term financing support in the mortgage banking industry. Developed and launched innovative business concept to address under-served niche market and integrated new model with existing franchise.Created â€Å"Mortgage Banking & Conduit†in Corporate Finance Group and recruited professionals to underwrite, purchase and accumulate mortgage assets for re-packaging.Developed and launched two new loan products on time, including prime ARMs & hybrid ARMs and prime piggyback seconds (onto the Japanese conforming loan, â€Å"Flat 35†), which have been well received in the primary market.Established exceptional correspondent relationships with major mortgage lenders, such as SBI Mortgage, Toshiba Housing Loan, Mortgage Services of Japan, Family Life Service and Yuryo Housing Loan. Successfully funde d 2 billion yen in new loans in 10 months.Directed the across-the-board project to create and implement a streamlined origination process.Led the team to execute all documentations for acquisitions and resolved critical legal issues including Bank Agency Law.Developed pricing methodologies, optimized profitability and controlled budget.Oversaw underwriting guidelines and maintained the quality of acquired assets.Led the project team to create loan databases, which enabled the Bank to readily off-balance its assets.SHINSEI BANK, LTD., Tokyo, Japan                                                                   Feb 2002-Mar 2006Manager, Capital Markets DivisionDirected the team managing risks of the division’s conduit businesses, including mortgage loans and securitized loan po rtfolio. Created and reported detailed P&L, including key items like positions, hedge mark-to-markets and funding costs. Played a key role in acquiring residential mortgage loans from the secondary market and established a mortgage-banking platform such as SBI Mortgage, Shinsei Property Finance and Rakuten Mortgage.Independently managed the division’s portfolio, worth over 1 trillion yen in market value, and hedged its interest rate and prepayment risks primarily using swaps, caps and swap options.Instrumental in growing assets from 20 billion yen to over 1 trillion yen in 3 years. Achieved 20% annual net increase in investment income during that time.Developed a complete cash flow pricing model using INTEX and MIAC analytics to successfully acquire over 2 trillion yen of mortgage portfolios from regional banks.Set up and implemented secondary marketing functions for five mortgage correspondents, which added 15 billion yen new originations to the mortgage conduit annually.Created business plans, budgets and forecasting and made presentations to investment committees.Successfully managed a team of three pricing and risk management professionals and oversaw numerous loan database projects.MERRILL LYNCH JAPAN CO., LTD., Tokyo, Japan                                        Sep 2000-Aug 2001Assistant Vice President, MBS/ABS Trading and SyndicationTrader and marketer of global securitized products for Japanese and Asia-Pacific investors. Managed trading books by way of hedging trading positions and prepared a daily offering sheet with market comments and data. Attended sales meetings on a regular basis and extensive client management.Executed trades on U.S. pass-throughs, CMO and credit card and auto loan ABS with a volume in excess of $1 billion for the year 2000-2001.NOMURA SECURITIES INTERNATIONAL, INC., New York, NY          July 1998-August 2000Assistant Vice President, MBS ResearchResearch analyst for the U.S. residential MBS markets and assisted traders and sales force in assessing relative value, documenting trade strategies and generating investment ideas. Regularly wrote commentaries on market events, prepayment speeds and housing indices.HSBC SECURITIES, INC., New York, NY                                                           Jan 1998-Jun 1998Associate, Mortgage-Backed ResearchThe firm closed down its mortgage business in 2/98. Moved to Nomura Securities along with my supervisor.BLACKROCK, INC., New York, NY                                                                    Dec 1996-Jan 1998Analyst, Portfolio AdministrationLiaised with accounting agents of the firm’s institutional clients, participated in reconciliation with custodians and monitored portfolio compliance with investment guidelines and regulatory parameters. Worked as an intern between 12/96-4/97.EducationCOLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, New York, NYM.A., Statistics, 1996STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK, BINGHAMTON, Binghamton, NYB.A., Mathematics, 1994Professional LicensesNASD Series 7 & 63 and JASD Level 1 & 2
Friday, August 30, 2019
Character Analysis of Mrs. Wright in “Trifles,†by Susan Glaspell Essay
Mrs. Wright is a character not present at the scene, but for me, posed a great importance in the whole story. In the Story, Mrs. Wright was the wife of the murdered John Wright. She was the primary suspect, since she was the only person with the Mr. Wright when he was murdered, at his case, strangled to death. Mrs. Wright, as told by Mr. Hale, was the person he stumbled upon when he came in looking for John Wright. It was also Mrs. Wright who told him that John was dead, strangled to death while she was sleeping beside him. She showed no expression of grief or shock when she was telling this to him, and even managed a laugh when she was asked where John was. She was arrested in the end, and that was when the scene in the story started. There are several elements to consider when analyzing the character of Mrs. Wright. There are more things than what meets the eye, which is why it is necessary to scrutinize the things she was with and the things she was doing in the story. In order to do this, there was a need to introduce two characters that explore Mrs. Wright’s personality. These characters were Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters. Throughout the story, it was through these two that the readers were able to understand Mrs. Wrights character more, even though she wasn’t present in the scene. One of the first elements that could be associated with Mrs. Wright’s character was the rocker she was sitting on, when Mr. Hale arrived and was looking for John Wright. The rocker represents Mrs. Wrights feeling at that time, wherein she seemed to be at peace, but continued to rock in the stillness of everything around her. When she was questioned by the people who came into her house, she seemed confident with what she is saying. She was calm when she answered that John wasn’t around, and even managed a laugh when she said that John was dead already. She was calm in the inside, but deep inside her, she was troubled, rather, indifferent of her present situation. Another element that serves useful for the exposition of Mrs. Wright’s character was when Mrs. Peters remembers the young Mrs. Wright, where she used to be a choir member and wore pretty dresses. And that it all stopped when she became the wife of John Wright. This explanation has opened a door for the audience to think about the life Mrs. Wright is living. Is she happy being the wife of the murdered John Wright? Or does his death liberate her of some sort from the unhappiness that she was feeling when she was with him. The skirt that Mrs. Peters and Mrs. Hale gathered for Mrs. Wright also gave an understanding of her past, wherein she wore pretty clothes and looked pretty herself, and that it seems like she was being deprived of the happy and beautiful things in life when she was with her husband. Another exposition of Mrs. Wright’s personality was shown by the disarray in her house, of the unfinished tasks she seem to have started yet have found no time to finish. Mrs. Peters and Mrs. Hale had shown the audience a better understanding of what it feels like being a housewife, how one would feel uncomfortable with things left unfinished. This showed that there is definitely something wrong going on with the life of Mrs. Wright, something that could really be useful in solving the case of the murdered Mr. Wright. The two are convinced that Mrs. Wright has no problems at all with being a housewife, since she has started doing things that a typical housewife would do. Mend clothes, cook, do kitchen work. But because of an undisclosed reason, she wasn’t always able to finish those tasks. And that made the two ladies suspicious of the case. The turning point of the exposition of Mrs. Wright’s character was when the two ladies saw the birdcage without any bird. They were somewhat curious why the cage had no bird in it, since it would make sense that a bird is a perfect companion for a housewife like Mrs. Wright. When they closely examined the cage, they found that it has a broken cage door; something that made their suspicion grew larger. If you carefully analyze what they were able to discover, the broken door wouldn’t make sense if there was no bird there. The broken door is a manifestation of force being used to pry opens the cage, who did it, was still unknown. The situation that ended their suspicion was when they found out about a dead bird wrapped in cloth that has its head and neck deformed because it was strung up. This was also the missing piece that solved the puzzle of Mrs. Wright’s character. They found out that Mrs. Wright really had a motive to kill her husband. Mrs. Wright was a person deprived of happiness whenever she was with her husband. Her carefree young days ended when she married John Wright. She stopped singing, she stopped wearing beautiful clothes, and eventually lost all hopes in her life. The bird represented her remaining sanity, her remaining hope in her life. But when it was taken away from her, she also snapped. When the bird stopped singing, Mr. John Wright also stopped living. Reference: Glaspell, Susan. â€Å"Trifles†. 1916. July 15 2007. .
Thursday, August 29, 2019
Air pollution control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
Air pollution control - Essay Example Smog is combination of smoke and fog. Smog can be seen with a human eye. It is always brownish in colour and may be seen in some areas in the shape of haze. Automobile industry has seen a lot of advancement in last few decades. Automobile and industrial fumes are the two biggest reasons for air pollution. Finally, with the integration of car emissions and industrial fumes, a new substance is created in the air, known as â€Å"Photochemical Smog†. Photochemical smog is made with the reaction between sunlight and oxides of nitrogen Air pollution has become a global problem as smoke and vehicle emissions travel very fast from one place to another. Vehicle emissions and industrial fumes are the main contributing factors towards the warming of the planet. Causes of air pollution and solutions to curtail the problem shall be discussed in the succeeding paragraphs. Vehicles and air pollution Innovations that are related to the automobile industry brought about many changes in human l ife and in the environment. Motor vehicle emissions are the major causes of polluting the air. Number vehicles in industrialized cities are increasing at a rapid speed, which is alarming for the future of life on the planet. Patrol vehicles mostly discharge two types of pollution. First is in the shape of exhaust emissions that includes carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen. ... Smoke coming out from the exhaust pipe of vehicle spreads incompletely burnt chemicals in the air. This causes danger to human life and rising quantity of carbon monoxide damages the plants and other vegetation. The pollution which arises from burning of gasoline in the vehicles acts as slow poison. It poisons our food and the chains of food which are related to us (Kaufman, 2004, 62,63). A research held by United States Governmental organization show that there is a much massive amount of mercury and other harmful substances present in the flesh of fish. The major cause of presence of harmful substances is the industrial pollution, which goes to air and then comes back to the streams, rivers and seas. Major causes of smoke exhaustion from a vehicle are old spark plugs, dirty air cleaner, damaged fuel filters, old piston and rings that are not working properly. Vehicles and industries produce almost 90% of world’s pollution. Therefore, vehicle pollution causes lungs cancer, re spiratory problems, urban smog and acid rain. Lead is another cause of pollution when vehicles use leaded gasoline. Lead is the major cause of hypertension and cancer. These diseases are more common in urban areas as large emission from vehicles takes place in urban areas. Vehicle emissions are the main contributors of overall warming of the planet. This global warming may cause a lot of damage to food chain. Storms, floods, rising of sea levels and fluctuating weather conditions are the outcome of global warming (Davis, 2002, 74, 75). Through the last few years, there is a rise in the temperature of the earth by one degree on the Celsius scale. The rise in the temperature caused many problems to the habitat of colder areas. The glaciers all around the world are melting day by day at a
Wednesday, August 28, 2019
Elasticity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words
Elasticity - Essay Example The function of responsiveness of a particular variable to the change in parameters of the other variables is what elasticity is all about. The frequently used dimensions of elasticity include price elasticity of demand, price elasticity of supply, income elasticity of demand and elasticity of substitution between factors of production. Because of the immense contribution that the concept of elasticity has made to the study of responsiveness of price and other factors to changes in demand and supply, it has indeed made a significant contribution to the understanding of the market and agents in its. This is the topic for this paper and the subsequent paragraphs discuss the concept in detail along with the example of a supermarket to elucidate the concept. If we take the first dimension or the PED (Price Elasticity of Demand), this is the percentage change in the quantity demanded for a drop or rise in price and hence measures how â€Å"elastic†the demand is to a change in the price of the good. The measurement of PED is by dividing the percentage change in the quantity demanded by the percentage change in the price and since either the percentage change in demand or the percentage change in price is negative, the PED is always negative. Hence, the PED is usually expressed in terms of absolute values. Goods that have a PED of more than 1 are supposed to be highly elastic meaning that changes in price have a large effect on the change in demand. On the other hand, goods that have a PED less than 1 or between 0 and 1 are supposed to be inelastic or relatively inelastic. This is because the change in demand is not that much greater for a change in price (Ayers & Collins, 2003). If we apply this dimension to the case of the superm arket, we find that goods like alcoholic beverages and luxury products like perfumes and cosmetics are highly elastic since a drop in the price invariably leads to
Tuesday, August 27, 2019
Database Systems Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words
Database Systems - Assignment Example A distributed request refers data from several different data processor sites. Each request can access data from many sites where a transaction access several data sites. Similar to requests, transactions can also be categorised as remote and distributed. A remote transaction is composed with several requests but accesses data in a single data processor site. A distributed transaction allows referring several local and remote data processor sites where an individual request can refer data in single location but the entire transaction will refer several sites to complete the transaction. Question 2 Most of these problems occur due to data transformation incompatibilities and conventions used. With in the different divisions of an organization, operational data may vary in terms of how they are recorded or on the data type and structures used. For an example if we take a sales company the Customer service division may use ‘pending’,’ active’, ‘inactiveà ¢â‚¬â„¢ and ‘cancelled’ but Audit division may use number tags such as 1, 2, 3, and 4. For same two divisions they may use different conventions for entering customer phone number to the database. For an instance where the phone number can be entered as 091-3453489 by Audit division and the Customer services division enters it as 0913453489.
Monday, August 26, 2019
Critique of the Formal and Informal Piece in Architecture Research Paper
Critique of the Formal and Informal Piece in Architecture - Research Paper Example The purpose of the sorting is to divert the audiences’ attention from playing it as a game to considering the architecture in it. This challenges the status of the environment used in the game as a level since the buildings in the game have become the focus of attention. The architects have given opinions on the design as well as the kind of materials that have been used for the construction of buildings in the video games. Considering the purposefulness of the article, it can be doubted that the article does not serve the interest of the audience that the Journal is primarily meant for i.e. the architects. From the language used in the article, it can be estimated that it is meant for the students and professionals of Architecture alike. â€Å"Tetris can teach us all a lesson in dimensional co-ordination and rotational symmetry†(Patel, 2009). The context was not quite appropriate. If any such sorting was supposed to be carried out, students and professionals in the field of Architecture would have appreciated more if real buildings had been sorted rather than the ones in the video games. Although the study of architecture through video games is a cost-effective way of study, yet it is not quite meaningful as the intent of the developers of the video games was not architecture but fun. Critiquing something on a certain basis for which it was not originally meant is inappropriate. Nevertheless, i f this aspect is overlooked, the critique is quite professional in its content and language. The architects have been very rational in their identification of the drawbacks in architecture introduced in the games. e.g. â€Å"Pagoda roofs sit atop concrete-clad high-density housing towers as a nod to both ancient Eastern building practices and prefabricated modular buildings in the West†(Patel, 2009).Â
Sunday, August 25, 2019
Literature rewiev Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Literature rewiev - Essay Example She likewise strongly suggested that adequate training of staff and teachers is needed to improve the quality of mainstreaming and inclusion practices. The Audit Commission Report (2002) found that there is a gap between policy and practice, citing several cases of British schools where the duty to mainstream education is absent where the education of a child with SEN is incompatible with the rest. The same report discovered that children with SEN experienced greater or lesser difficulty in gaining admission to their school of choice. Children with emotional and behavioural difficulties had most problems, followed by children with ADHD, and then those with autistic spectrum disorders (ASD). The report findings are supported by Sage (2004) and Wright (2003) but not by Wilkins et al. (2004). Despite the widespread adoption of policies on mainstreaming, and more recently on inclusive education for children and young people with SEN, little is actually known about the relationship between what teachers think about such policies and the type of learning environments they provide. A study (Monsen & Frederickson, 2004) in New Zealand involving 63 primary school teachers and 1,729 pupils concluded that children taught by teachers who espoused highly positive attitudes towards mainstreaming were found to have significantly higher levels of classroom satisfaction and marginally lower levels of classroom friction that children taught by teachers with less positive attitudes. MacKay (2002) challenged many of the prevailing trends in relation to disability and special education needs. Taking a broad view of developments since Warnock, and providing a fascinating insight into initiatives in Scotland, Gilbert MacKay offered an analysis of five ways in which the notion of disability, and the practical reality of our responses to it, are being unhelpfully removed from the educational arena. Whilst all can strive to promote forms of inclusion that encompass ever-widening parameters of diversity, no one's interests are served if the implications of individuals' difficulties are simply ignored or wished away. MacKay highlighted dangers in some recent trends but also points the way towards a much more responsive and productive future. Several recent research studies have come out on the experience of inclusion and mainstreaming in British education. Simmons and Bayliss (2007) discussed the role of special schools and the practicality of segregation. Carpenter (2007) focused on the role of schools as research organisations. Whitehurst (2007) emphasised the importance of learning about the experiences of the children who are the object of mainstreaming practices. Keil et al. (2006) came up with enlightening research findings on SEN and disability. Frederickson et al. (2007) assessed the social and affective outcomes of inclusion. Lindsay (2003) addressed the development of inclusion and inclusive practices, models of special educational needs and disability, and the values that underpin thinking about these matters. Basing his argument on the research evidence, Lindsay provides a searching critique of prevailing notions about inclusion and of current approaches to research. His conclusions will be of interest to everyone concerned with the education of children and young
Saturday, August 24, 2019
Concept Of Quality Circles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words
Concept Of Quality Circles - Essay Example Quality Circle concept has three major attributes: a) Change in Attitude: The establishment of quality circles brings an attitude change from "I don't care" to "I do care". Also it brings 'Continuous improvement' in quality of work life through humanization of work. A Quality Circle has an appropriate organizational structure for its effective and efficient performance. It varies from industry to industry, organization to organization. But it is useful to have a basic framework as a model. The structure of a Quality Circle consists of the following elements. i. A steering committee: This is at the top of the structure. It is headed by a senior executive and includes representatives from the top management personnel and human resources development people. It establishes policy, plans and directs the program and meets usually once in a month. v. Circle members: They may be staff workers. Without circle members the porgramme cannot exist. They are the lifeblood of quality circles. They should attend all meetings as far as possible, offer suggestions and ideas, participate actively in group process, take training seriously with a receptive attitude. The roles of Steering Committee, Co-ordinator, Facilitator, Circle leader and Circle members are well defined. PROCESS OF OPERATION The operation of quality circles involves a set of sequential steps as under: 1. Problem identification: Identify a number of problems. 2 Problem selection: Decide the priority and select the problem to be taken up first. 3 Problem Analysis: Problem is clarified and analysed by basic problem solving methods. 4 Generate alternative solutions: Identify and evaluate causes and generate number of possible alternative solutions. 5 Select the most appropriate solution : Discuss and evaluate the alternative solutions by comparison in terms of investment and return from the investment. This enables to select the most appropriate solution. 6 Prepare plan of action : Prepare plan of action for converting the solution into reality which includes
Friday, August 23, 2019
Environmental Management of Denbies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words
Environmental Management of Denbies - Essay Example The Black Death of 1348 also served as a setback as many wine estate workers were killed. In the revival of Cardiff castle in 1875, vineyards were re-established and production continued until 1920. Today, some 410 vineyards exists in Britain growing the German Muller Thurgau variety so that by 1995, a total of 7.7 hectolitres were sold equivalent to 4836 million of which English wine accounts to one percent. Denbies, with a vineyard of 265 acres produces about 400,000 bottles of English wine per year making it the largest vineyard in England (Denbies, 2007). Situated at South East England, Denbies is a part of the North Downs with a total land area of 635 acres collectively called as the Denbies estate. Following strict planning permission, the estate's historical landscape has been preserved including use of old name of plantations such as The Dell and maintenance of paths and tracks around and through the estate consisting of seven miles of vineyard trials accessible to the public (Denbies, 2007). This report shall deal with Denbies' environment management program as well as its current wine tourism industry. Culture, tourism and agriculture sectors are all involved in the wine tourism industry but it was emphasised that three sustainability pillars: environment, economy and society must be embodied (Poitras and Geiz, 2006). Likewise, in a broader concept, the four political, economic, sociocultural and ecological pillars are proposed in the context of competitive destinations (Ritchie and Crouch, 2003). Wine tourism has been defined as visits to vineyards, wineries, attending wine festivals, and wine shows for which grape wine tasting as well as experiencing wine production and other attributes of a grape wine region are the prime motivating factors for visitors (Hall and Macionis, 1998). In evaluating the environmental management of Denbies, all of the above shall be incorporated, but most specifically, the environment considerations as well as impact of Denbies' activities with regards to its environment and its surrounding area shall be pointed out in consideration of conserving the natural resource base in wine regions requiring collaboration and sound planning not only by management but by many partners that include the community (Williams and Dossa, 2003). Strengths: Denbies as an environmentally conscious organisation maintain programmes both for the vineyard and the visitor centre. Environmental strengths of Denbies amongst others include: Chemical use is taken into account (selective chemical use). Use of chemical spray is every 28 days cycle- enough to protect the wine against frost damage. No pollution problems around the area. Cork is 100% natural. Recycle its glass and uses virgin glass. Use of preservatives in wine is very minimal. The only waste is from yeast. Chemical store is far away from the vineyard to ensure safety. Does not need to irrigate. Has natural drainage. Offers training for its staff. Very good in health and safety. Does its own plant maintenance. Natural fertilization from pips and skins spread on the vineyard after pressing. Changing to natural gas from diesel. Cardboard recycling for its packaging. Composting grape skin. Using old oaks from barrels. Reuse spray from
The Effectiveness of Computer Applications in Second Language Research Paper
The Effectiveness of Computer Applications in Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition - Research Paper Example The following is a list of some of the factors that determine the number and choice of words a learner is expected to know when learning second language. According to your own understanding, which factor(s) are the most important? The following is a list of various approaches to second language vocabulary acquisition. According to your own evaluation, please indicate your ranking of their effectiveness by assigning them ranks from 1 to 4, where â€Å"1†is the most effective and â€Å"4†is the least effective Accelerated Reader is an example of computer application in second language vocabulary acquisition, in which many of the popular books and cloze tests are stored and used to check the children’s cognitive ability. Do you think this is a bright idea? If yes, check its relevance (Tick where appropriate) Computer technology also offers teachers the opportunity to present still pictures and motion videos to enable learners to make associations with new vocabulary. Please classify this technology according to the importance you attach to
Thursday, August 22, 2019
Aboriginal Residential Schooling Essay Example for Free
Aboriginal Residential Schooling Essay The Aboriginal people had their culture stripped away, without any consent but by force. They were forced to adapt their lifestyle to the normal, and children put into schools to learn how to behave like the Canadians. The Aboriginal residential schools implemented by the Canadian Government were a cause attempting to destroy their culture (Ravelli Webber, 2010, p.132). The Canadian Government wanted to get rid of all aboriginal culture with no trace of their lifestyle. There was a massive social problem due to the separation of the races. It also raised a huge racist confrontation between the Aboriginal`s and the rest of society. The Aboriginal`s were not treated with any respect or dignity, which caused them to loose respect with our Canadian Government, as they were treated like animals. The Canadian Government did not want any Aboriginal`s to grow up as they were, they did not like the way their lifestyle was, they wanted to destroy their culture. They attempted to destroy their culture in many ways, one of the most obvious methods they used were to put the young children in to residential schools (Ravelli Webber, 2010, p308). These schools taught young Aboriginal children how to live like the Canadian, they were not allowed to do anything that was related to their culture not even allowed to speak their language (Geraldine Marcuse, 1993). The children were punished if they did not follow the rules, these punishments were very abusive as well, but by doing so this enforced the children to follow the rules. These residential schools were very structured and strict. Eventually by staying in these schools, due to all the strict rules, abusive punishments, and them not being allowed to associate with their culture the Aboriginal children forgot their native language (Geraldine Marcuse, 1993). The Canadian Government obviously wanted to get rid of all Aboriginal culture. The residential schools brought up a major problems, it created an immense, massive social problem with in the Aboriginal community and the Canadian society. The young Aboriginal children were stripped away from their parents, probably never even saw them again, these children were discriminated by others and were not even allowed to speak a single word from their native language (Ravelli Webber, 2010, p132) . As displayed in the video, the young girl that had her period out publicly was put to shame by the nuns and the other children, this caused her to be bullied and discriminated because of natural cause (Geraldine Marcuse, 1993). The video also prescribes the punishment received when the rules were broken, as the elder man describes his pain and the punishments received, he explains that these children were being separated entirely from the religion and culture, causing these children to view of their own nation as an abomination (Geraldine Marcuse, 1993). This problems cause a lot of discrimination, causing many social problems with in the community, the children did not have rights, and could not speak for themselves. This massive social issue with in the Aboriginals was created by the ongoing of the residential schools. Canadian Government might not have been too smart by creating the residential schools as they did not calculate the outcome, these residential schools brought up great vengeance to the Aboriginals they wanted their culture back, in doing so it created a racist confrontation later on. This was a huge relation with the conflict theory. The Aboriginals found a method to bring back their culture by using the method the Canadian`s did, they developed their own Aboriginal schools (Geraldine Marcuse, 1993). These schools would teach the total opposite of what the residential schools taught, these schools were teaching their young children their native language, and bits of their culture, or at least what was left of it (Ravelli Webber, 2010, p309). The difference between the Aboriginal schools and the residential schools were the rules and methods of punishment. The Aboriginals taught in a normal manner, with respect, but in the residential schools it was like prison everything was eventually forced upon. The residential schools also made the Aboriginals to grow this hate for the Canadian Government causing this huge racist dilemma between the two parties. No good really came out of residential schooling, just a very bad racist confrontation in the long run. The Canadian Government stripped all the rights of the Aboriginal people, they got their culture massacred, dealt with force and abusive power, they practically tried to destroy the Aboriginal culture. The Canadian Government put a lot of effort in this project, they tried to change the Aboriginal people in every way, they wanted those people to behave and change their lifestyle to the modern Canadian lifestyle. The Canadian Government have attempted to destroy the Aboriginal culture by bringing up residential schooling to begin the process of elimination. The Government did not want anything that was Aboriginal culture related left, they wanted to get rid of every bit of their culture. The residential schools cause major discrimination cause a massive social problem within the Aboriginal people. These residential schools also raised a huge racist confrontation to the Aboriginals, it separated them from the rest of the society. These schools really have destroyed most of their culture, and was a very cruel method in doing so. The Aboriginals deserved to be heard and have their own rights and freedom.
Wednesday, August 21, 2019
Has Globalisation Made The World More Dangerous?
Has Globalisation Made The World More Dangerous? Currently the world grapples with the worst economic downturn in decades, a growing body of research suggests the complexity of the modern global economy may make us more vulnerable than ever to catastrophe. Globalisation has impacted societies around the world in both positive and negative ways. Despite positive changes in certain areas though, there are two significant factors that make the globalised (and globalising) world a more dangerous place with respect to the rise of non-State threats. The spread of information and technology greatly increases the risks associated with any given terrorist attack; and economic transformations related to globalisation have left large portions of society disenfranchised while increasing the polarisation of wealth. Furthermore, the globalisation of culture, economics and religion has been a main reason for the increase in non-state threats and violence carried out by insurgents. Since the emergence and expansion of globalisation in the 1990s, t he world has experienced increased problems. The proposed problems are; increased terrorist activity, gaps between religion and cultural ideologies widening, global financial systems being less stable, dangers of pandemic diseases increasing, and global climate change becoming a major danger. One has to explore the extent to which globalisation has created a situation in which non-State threats can thrive and affect a wider number of people, thus making the world a more dangerous place. Globalisation can be defined as the integration of economic, social and cultural relations across borders (CLARK, 1997), and Globalization is best understood as the creation of a variety of transboundary mechanisms for interaction that affect and reflect the acceleration of economic, political and security interdependence. (KAY, 2004: 10) The term non-State threats refers to groups and individuals such as ethnic militias, cults, organised crime and terrorism. (CHA, 2000) Although terrorism has no wid ely accepted definition it has come to mean the use of violence by small groups to achieve political change. (BAYLIS, SMITH, OWENS, 2008: 372) The relationship between non-State threats and globalisation is difficult to describe accurately, but it is inaccurate to suggest that globalisation is responsible for their rise, but technologies associated with globalisation have been exploited. Furthermore the economic transformations that have occurred due to globalisation have made it easier for terrorists to operate globally, communicate between one another and manoeuvre arms, and the breaking down of national territorial and trading boundaries also means that threat can travel further distances. The question asserts that there has been a rise in non-state threats. Indeed, the post cold war era has seen a rise of non-State forms of insurgency and violence, most notably in Mexico, Palestine, Bosnia, Somalia and Rwanda. Global Conflicts seem to be changing from wars between states to wars within them. Of the 89 conflicts between 1989 and 1992 only 3 were between states. These conflicts were seen to be non-State, post-ideological, and more devastating in terms of their human effects. Indeed the world has become a more dangerous place in the last twenty years. However, in order to make a judgement on whether globalisation has been the main cause, one has to assess the extent to which globalisation has helped increase the level of threat posed by non-state insurgency and the potential harm this can cause to the global population. Firstly, globalisation has made the world a more dangerous place as the technological advances associated with globalization have improved the capabilities of terrorist groups to plan and conduct operations with far more devastation and coordination. (BAYLIS, SMITH, OWENS, 2008: 378) The spread of technology, due to globalisation, has huge implications when considering the risk of any given terrorist attack. Globalisation has resulted in more trade, more connectivity, more markets, and more openness, and has therefore greatly enhanced the likelihood of any of a number of weapons of mass destruction, biological, chemical or nuclear, becoming accessible to terrorist groups. Today the potential harm that one terrorist attack can cause is staggering. Weaponry is more widely available in the modern day because they are far more easily bought, sold and transported. Advances in technology have contributed to The mobility of ideas, capital, technology, and people (WEBBER, BARMA, KROENIG, RAT NER, 2007: 50). Therefore non-Sate threats of the present day have a far greater capacity to cause harm globally due the advancement of world communications, transport and other technology. Todays international terrorism owes much to globalisation. Al Qaeda uses the internet to transmit messages, it uses credit cards and modern banking to move money and it uses cell phones and laptops to plot attacks. Globalisation has also empowered terrorist groups as it has allowed an un-censored increase in the volume, range and sophistication of propaganda materials. (BAYLIS, SMITH, OWENS, 2008) An example of this can be seen from 1997 when a website posted the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movements communiquà ©s and videos during the seizure of the Japanese embassy in Lima. Furthermore, the terrorist organisation, the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, has a website that promotes the group as internationally accepted and that they are committed to conflict resolution. Any computer can be used for propaganda purposes, such as with the printing of leaflets, and globalisation has allowed its influence to reach the furthest corners of the Earth. This has made the world more dangerous as the harmful ideals and objectives of terrorists can be spread with ease, and are more accessible to the general public, through the internet, video and various other methods. The technological advancement brought on by globalisation has also meant non-state threats like terrorists can mount co-ordinated attacks, from various areas, in different countries. (BAYLIS, SMITH, OWENS, 2008) The London Underground bombings in July 2005, the Madrid bombings in March 2004 are but two examples. Extremist, fundamentalist groups, terrorists, criminals, and drug smugglers have been enhanced by the globalisation of technology and information. (CHA, 2000) Technologies including hand held phones and radios have allowed insurgents to operate independently and at substantial distances from one another. For example the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) standard ensures that any compliant phone will work anywhere in the world where a GSM network has been established. Therefore insurgents can conduct attacks in locations that are geographically separated by large distances. The improvement in global communications brought on by globalisation has certainly aided mil itant Islamic non-State threats as they appear presently to have global depth, power, and reach. For example, the 9/11 hijackers utilized cheap and readily available pre-paid phone cards to communicate between cell leaders and senior leadership and, according to at least one press account, coordinated final attack authorization prior to the jets taking off from different locations. (BAYLIS, SMITH, OWENS, 2008: 380) Moreover, to a certain extent, terrorism has become much harder to counter due to globalisation because groups such as the Islamic fundamentalists have developed into a virtual global community rather than a hierarchical organisation with fixed training camps and headquarters. Various measures have been put in place for privacy on the internet such as passwords and the development of 64 and 128 bit encryption software which is tough to crack. Threatening Non-State groups are fairly well protected in their virtual community. Therefore, not only have technological advanceme nts, spread throughout the world by the process of globalisation, allowed terrorists to co-ordinate with more efficiency, but they have provided more security for non-State threatening actors as well. Terrorist groups have been able to leverage technological developments designed to shield a users identity from unauthorized commercial or private exploitation (GUNARATNA, 2002: 35). Globalisation has also helped Non-State threats of the present day have incredible mobility and what is more frightening is their potential lethality as well. Globalisation has made the crossing of international boundaries far easier. In recent years terrorists have been able to move rapidly between borders, making efforts to track them very complicated. Global commerce has been expanded hugely and this has helped increase the mobility of non-State threats. The volume of air travel and goods that pass through ports has increased exponentially through globalization (BAYLIS, SMITH, OWENS, 2008). The expanding global system of markets has meant border security measures have been relaxed in many areas. Moreover, demands for the efficient supply, manufacture and delivery of goods has made life more difficult for Sates to prevent terrorists exploiting gaps in security measures, which were originally created to deter illegal activity. An increase in mobility has also made it easier for thre atening non-State groups to transfer expertise between one another, and it has become easier for terrorist groups to establish operational bonds with their counterparts and sponsors across the world. Such collaboration flourished in the 1990s, and members of the international terrorism community are believed to have trained in many countries such as Afghanistan; Bosnia-Herzegovina; Chile; Colombia; Iran; Iraq; Libya; Mexico; North Korea; Pakistan; Sudan; Syria; and Turkey. Moreover globalisation has increased the potential lethality of non-State threats. Globalization may allow some terrorist groups to acquire, manufacture, and use weapons of mass destruction in order to conduct catastrophic attacks. (BAYLIS, SMITH, OWENS, 2008: 382) Since the end of the cold war we have been given reason believe that attacks in the future by threatening non-State groups may involve weapons of mass destruction. For example, evidence recovered in Afghanistan in 2001 outlined plans by Al Qaeda to prod uce and test biological and chemical weapons. Globalisation has facilitated access to weapons as opportunities to transport weaponry internationally have grown substantially with the opening of markets and increased trade associated with a globalising world. It has greatly enhanced the likelihood of threatening non-State actors gaining possession of weapons of mass destruction, and therefore there has been a substantial increase in the harmful potential that modern day terrorist attack entails. The breaking down of national trade barriers and the move towards a global free market by globalisation has certainly aided non-State threats. Globalisation is coupled with an ideology of free markets and free trade and a decline in state intervention. (SHELLEY, 2006) The opening of markets has its global benefits but it can also aid terrorists as it has increased their capability to organise and strike globally. The 9/11 attacks are the best example as it was the heart of the US that got struck, which is a fair distance from the Al Qaeda heartland in the Middle East. Globalisation has made the transfer of money across borders literally instantaneous, and opportunities to transport weapons internationally have grown substantially with the opening of markets and increased trade associated with a globalising world. (LI, QUAN, SCHAUB, 2006) The acceleration of trade between states, has resulted in the establishment of Multi-National Corporations (MNCs), and has thus instituted transnati onal organisations that operate by their own rules and regulations rather than that of the governments. The creation of transnational organisations has facilitated trade with less government intervention and this has supported the boom of illicit trade as there are fewer regulations from the government to check the system. Furthermore, the rise in illegal trade of drugs and arms has made it easier for terrorists to fund their organisations and broaden it. As a result of this illicit trade, today terrorism has, in a sense, become a transnational organisation that cannot be easily checked and corrected by the government. Thus terrorists pose more threat to a greater number of people due to globalisation. The current wave of international terrorism, characterised by unpredictable and unprecedented threats from non-state actors, not only is a reaction to globalisation but is facilitated by it. (CRONIN, 2002) A relevant example for this would be resurgence of Al Qaeda and regrouping of T aliban, both labelled as terrorist organizations, funded with cash from heroin trade. (SHANTY, 2008) Globalisation has also made the world more dangerous by creating a system in which international crime, a form of non-State threat, can prosper. Transnational criminals are major beneficiaries of globalisation. Terrorists and criminals move people, money, and commodities through a world where the increasing flows of people, money, and commodities provide excellent cover for their activities. Both terrorists and transnational crime groups have globalised to reach their markets, to perpetuate their acts, and to evade detection (SHELLEY, 2006), thus making the world essentially more dangerous. Globalisation advocates the reduction of international regulations and barriers to trade and investment in order to increase trade and development. However, it is these conditions of a globalised environment that are crucial to the expansion of crime, as the decline in regulations have been exploited and has provided criminals with greater freedom. Transnational crime groups have been able to exte nd their reach by exploiting loopholes of state based legal systems. They travel to regions where they cannot be extradited, base their operations in countries with ineffective or corrupt law enforcement, and launder their money in countries with bank secrecy or few effective controls. By segmenting their operations, both criminals and terrorists reap the benefits of globalization, while simultaneously reducing their operational risks. (SHELLEY, 2006: WEB) Furthermore, globalisation has resulted in global trade increasing enormously, meaning there has been a larger flow of legitimate commodities but also an increase in illicit merchandise. Essentially the world has become more dangerous as globalisation has facilitated the movement of drugs, arms and contraband; which can in turn be used to generate profit for illegal non-State organisations. The drug trade was the first illicit sector to maximise profits in a globalised world. However, as the market for drugs became more competitiv e and law enforcement responses increased, the risk became greater meaning criminals have subsequently sought to benefit financially from other operations like arms trafficking and trade in people. A major service industry has also developed to serve all forms of transnational criminals (SHELLEY, 2006: WEB). For example, providers of false documentation and money launderers such as Riggs Bank in Washington D.C which was prosecuted for laundering money for the dictator of Equatorial Guinea. Overall globalisation has had quite a profound effect on the international criminal community. It has created a situation in which it is easier to prosper from illicit activities, and thus the world is worse off for it. Globalisation is seen by many in todays world as an invasion of different cultures by western (predominantly American) products and materialism. Therefore violence has been sighted by many non-State actors as the only method to preserve certain traditions and values from Americanisation. Western secular, materialist values are increasingly rejected by those seeking to regain or preserve their own unique cultural identity. (BAYLIS, SMITH, OWENS, 2008) Therefore the world may have become a more dangerous place as the process of globalisation, which is viewed by many as a silent American invasion of western ideals and goods, has and will continue to provoke violent reactions throughout the globe. Since the 1990s there have been many social changes due to globalisation, and the spread of free market capitalism appears to overwhelm the identity or values of certain groups. As the new globally connected system is not to the liking of many people, cultural friction may translate into confli cts divided along religious or ethnic lines to preserve cultural identity. Furthermore, economic transformations related to globalisation have left large portions of society disenfranchised while increasing the polarisation of wealth. As Sandbrook and Romano point out, in the era of globalisation, [Economic] inequality has risen in most countries, and in many cases sharply. (SANDBROOK, ROMANO, 2006: 107) Certain fringe groups have suffered terribly from the economic impact of globalisation. Other classes amongst society may have much to gain but the sense of deprivation of those who dont may become a powerful motivator for violence, and globalisation has left out those who pose the greatest threat. The western post-industrial states of the global North dominate international economic institutions such as the World Bank, set exchange rates, and determine global fiscal policies (BAYLIS, SMITH, OWENS, 2008). These actions can often be unfavourable to underdeveloped countries, and provide motivation for many in the global South to shift loyalties to illegal act ivities such as terrorism. Globalisation has provided access to a world market for goods and services, but this has often been perceived as a form of western economic imperialism, and thus can also motivate violence. Globalisation is widely believed to have had a generally positive impact on global economic growth, but the effect of globalisation on employment and the distribution of incomes have been intensely debated in recent years. It does create pressures leading to increased inequality in some countries and the need for structural adjustment in all. Therefore, many in the under-developed world have little opportunity to obtain wealth locally, and this has in turn caused mass emigration to urban centres. However movement is no guarantee of success, and in this case individuals may turn to violence for political or criminal reasons. In conclusion, globalisation has provided threatening non-State actors with a number of benefits. It has improved the technical capabilities of terrorists and given them global reach, and has created a system in which crime has become far more international. Moreover, globalisation has been seen by many as a western intrusion of other cultures and religions which has motivated violence. Essentially all these factors have certainly made the world a more dangerous place. However, in the era of the Cold War before globalisation took its largest strides, a war between the USA and the USSR had the potential to harm nearly everyone on the planet. This is something terrorists, ethnic militias, and global criminals can never achieve despite now having global reach. The potential threat posed pre-globalisation was greater than that of non-State threats of the present day. On the other hand the Cold War did not harm many at all whereas international terrorism now is causing problems all over t he globe. The world may indeed be more dangerous due to the increased powers of non-State threats thanks to globalisation, but the actual danger of new international terrorist networks to the regimes of stable states in the developed world, but also in Asia, remains negligible. Horrifying though the carnage of 9/11 was in New York, it left the international power of the US and its internal structures completely unaffected. (HOBSBAWN, 2008) Terrorism has advanced due to globalisation and has the potential to cause global harm but it can never challenge the existing world order. Globalisation has resulted in both criminals and terrorists developing transnational networks, dispersing their activities, their planning, and their logistics across several continents, and thereby confounding the state-based legal systems that are used to combat non-State transnational aggressors in all their permutations. Threatening non-State groups are major beneficiaries of globalisation. Terrorists and criminals move people, money, and commodities through a world where the increasing flows of people, money, and commodities provide excellent cover for their activities. Both terrorists and transnational crime groups have globalised to reach their markets, to perpetuate their acts, and to evade detection. Therefore, the world has indeed become more dangerous, to a certain extent, as globalisation has created a system in which threatening non-State actors can operate with more organisation and ease; and the consequences are that damage can be caused all over the modern day world.
Tuesday, August 20, 2019
Children With Mental Retardation And Self Esteem Psychology Essay
Children With Mental Retardation And Self Esteem Psychology Essay The World Health Organization (WHO) of the United Nations Organization (UNO) in the International Statistical Classification of Disease and Related Health Problems defines Mental Retardation as A condition of arrested or incomplete development of mind, which is especially characterized by impairment of skills manifested during the developmental period, skills which contribute to the overall level of intelligence i.e., cognitive language, motor and social abilities. Retardation can occur with or without any mental and physical condition. (ICD-10, 1992, p176) This condition is also referred as Intellectual Disability or Developmental Disability. In India Mental Retardation means a condition of arrested or incomplete development of mind of a person which is specially characterized by subnormality of intelligence (Persons with Disabilities Act, 1995, p 5). Intelligence is a general mental capability. It includes reasoning, planning, solving problems, thinking abstractly, comprehending complex ideas, learning quickly, and learning from experience. Limitations in intelligence should be considered in the light of four other dimensions; Participation, Interactions, and Social Roles; Health; and context Adaptive Behaviour. Intelligence in conjunction with adaptive behaviour helps in categorization of the degree of Mental Retardation which is conventionally estimated by standardized intelligence tests and supplemented by scales assessing social adaptation in a given environment. It provides a more comprehensive understanding of how a child is able to function within his/her environment. Assessments of adaptive behavior typically focus on domains such as communication, self care skill, and interpersonal relationships. Further, these change overtime, and, however poor may improve as a result of training and rehabilitation. By these measures an approximate indication of the degree of mental retardation can be diagnosed viz., Mild Mental Retardation approximate IQ range of 50 to 69 (in adults, mental age from 9 to under12 years); Moderate Mental Retardation approximate IQ range of 35 to 49 (in adults, mental age from 6 to under 9 years); Severe Mental Retardation approximate IQ range of 20 to 34 (in adults, mental age form 3 to under 6 years). Profound Mental Retardation IQ under 20 (in adults, mental age is below 3 years). (ICD-10, 1992) Behaviour involves action which is observable, measurable in terms of motor, cognitive and emotion (Peswaria and Venkatesan, 1992). Some of the behaviour is directly observable, while some are not directly observable as they are abstract and can only be interpreted. For example, happy cannot be seen directly, but it could be interpreted through behaviour, such as smile, laugh, etc. Some of our behaviour is directly measurable can be directly counted or numbered then it is measurable, while some are not directly measurable. Behaviour is seldom function of only one stimulus. But, it is a function of many stimuli converging upon the organism at any given time. These many stimuli and their related traces interact with one another and their synthesis determines behaviour. All the socially accepted behaviour has the cognitive, motor and emotional component, which help to lead a better adaptive behaviour. Adaptive behaviour has become and increasing important concept in the assessment and treatment of individuals with cognitive disabilities. In simple words adaptation means change over time to improve fitness or accuracy. It dependent upon both developmental status and cultural expectations e.g. assess performance in school, the ability to care for once self at home, interacting with peers and adults, and levels of independence in a variety of settings. It draws together a persons cognitive and personality characteristics. This is the collection of conceptual, social and practical skills that have been learned by people in order to function in their everyday lives. It can be understood as the functioning of an individual in his or her environment. It involves socialization process by establishing satisfactory relationship with other people and conforming to the cultural standards. It also involves learning that other people are necessary and becoming dependent on them. Almost as soon as this awareness develops, however, infants must begin to move in the direction of establishing independence. Social immaturity in adults is both a societal problem and also a personal problem for affected individuals, their families, and their employers. Social immaturity either plays an important role in maintaining multiple mental disorders or is in fact what defines those disorders. This is particularly true of the dramatic-erratic personality disorders, including Narcissism, Borderline, Histrionic and probably also Antisocial Personality Disorders. Social immaturity is also quite frequently associated with long term alcoholism and/or drug abuse which began in youth, and is frequently encountered by therapists treating clients who have been a bused as children. In short, Adaptive behaviour is the process through which the new born child is molded in to cultureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and hence become an acceptable person in the society (AAMR, 2002). In addition, we have observed most of parents having child with mental retardation have came across such incidences in their life facing some or the other difficulties due to the adaptive behaviour of their children. Whenever, these difficulties either solved or not resoluted, people around us start pulling our legs. We can react differently to these situations depending on our individual differences. One can get aggressive and start abusing or other can gently smile and accept the incident and reply accordingly for e.g. walking on the road you met a stranger who is very young and humble gentleman in his conversation, gets comments that you are old man. In these situations this gentleman should start using abusive language but he smiles gently and replies Thank you! For calling me an old man, because this contains the wisdom of Life. It reveals his high Self Esteem. Self esteem is a personal judgment of worthiness expressed in the attitudes of a person holds toward the self. When it comes to the parents having children with mental retardation most of them are depressed due their child condition, without accepting the fact that their child is special. Self esteem is considered to be the central aspect of psychological functioning (Taylor and Brown, 1998; Wylie, 1979; Crocker and Major, 1989). It reflects a persons overall evaluation or appraisal of his or her own worth. This encompasses beliefs and emotions such as triumph, despair, pride and shame. A persons self-esteem is revealed in their behavior, through assertiveness, shyness, confidence or caution. It is distinct from self-confidence and self-efficacy, which involve beliefs about ability and future performance. Rosenberg (1960) and social-learning theorists defines self-esteem in terms of a stable sense of personal worth or worthiness; this became the most frequently used definition for research, but involves problems of boundary-definition, making self-esteem indistinguishable from such things as narcissism or simple bragging. Self esteem is strongly related to many other variables (Diener, 1984; Crocker and Major, 1989). Behaviour and self esteem are closely linked. Better adaptive behaviour leads to better self esteem (Crocker and Major, 1989). If any deficit in the adaptive behaviour which ruptures the self esteem influences the quality of life, self image, body image due to which an individual goes into feeling of negativity. Dependency on others leads to depression, behaviour problem and antisocial behaviour hence affecting the Self Esteem. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Zigman, Schupf, Urv, Zigman and Silverman (2002) have discovered significant decline in adults with Down syndrome increased from less than .04 at age 50 to .67 by age 72, and in adults with mental retardation without Down syndrome increased from less than .02 at age 50 to .52 at age 88. Moreover, adults experience overall decline in behaviors which were identified based upon the sequence and magnitude of changes, suggesting a pattern of loss not unlike that is noted in the population without mental retardation with dementia. Fidler, Hepburn and Rogers (2006) explained similar patterns in kids and adult with down syndrome on relative strength and weakness which includes stronger social skills, weaker expressive language, and poor motor coordination. Socialization strengths differentiated the Down syndrome group from the mixed developmental disabilities group. Prasher and Haque (1998) have examined the underlying factors for age-related decline in adaptive behavior for over a period of 3 year and the presence of dementia was the only determining factor, but difference in trend over time as compared to subjects without dementia was not significant. There no association was found between gender, sensory loss, severity of mental retardation, or place of residence and also no decline was seen between the subjects not having any significant physical or psychological disorder. Mervis, Tasman, Mastin (2001) have revealed that the domains of socialization and communication are correlated highly whereas daily living skills and motor skills are relatively weak. Further, it was found that socialization skills was more advanced than communication skills, and that within the socialization domain, interpersonal skills is stronger than play/leisure or coping skills. Adaptive behavior standard score was not related to chronological age. Hatton et al. (2003) have revealed that adaptive behavior skills increased steadily and gradually over time among children with less autistic behavior and higher percentages of FMPR expression showed better performance on all areas of adaptive behavior. Children without autistic behavior displayed higher scores and rates of growth on the Daily Living Skills domain, with the lowest scores in Socialization. Campbell, Adams and Dobson (1984) studied a non clinical group of families and concluded that in families where there were low levels of independence and high levels of emotional connectedness, young adults tended to readily adopt family values with little exploration in career and relationships decisions, they referred to these phenomena as identity foreclosure or premature commitments. Barber and Eccles (1992) explored that there is small differences between children in divorced and intact families in cognitive performance, delinquency and self-esteem, these differences frequently disappear when confounding and mediating variables are controlled. Further, they explained that family interaction impact on identity consolidation which is linked to educational, occupational goals and gender role related behaviors associated with marriage, family and job plans. In addition, possible benefits as well as potential costs of living with a single mother are influenced by maternal employment, family process differences, parental attitudes and expectations. THE PRESENT STUDY Age appropriate developed child increasingly becomes independent as they grow older acquiring the self-help skills through a combination of imitativeness and iron willed determination to be independent. For the handicapped child however, the acquisition of these skills may not be so easy; without special teaching he may remain dependent on help from others at almost every moment of an ordinary day. A child with better adaptive skills makes the child lives independently and their parents to be in high self esteem state. The significance of the study will emphasize the need to raise our eyebrows and call for concrete steps to improve their self Esteem and help them to alienate their feeling of negativity and helplessness. This would help them to make efforts for the betterment of their life. Participation in such efforts of both governmental and non-governmental agencies at macro and micro level is essential. In addition, researcher had observed based on the review of literature availability of research on adaptive behaviour and self esteem documented in the literature in western context. But, hardly able to discover any study related to the adative behaviour and self esteem in Indian context, which proposes the gap needed to fill. The investigator came up with the research problem to study the relationship of adaptive behaviour of Children with Mental Retardation and Self esteem of their Parents. Objective To study relationship of adaptive behaviour of Children with Mental Retardation and Self esteem of their parents. To study differences in self esteem among the parent with respect to their gender. To study effect of childs level of retardation on self esteem of their parents. To study effect of child gender on self esteem of their parents. Hypothesis There will be no significant relationship between adaptive behaviour of Children with Mental Retardation and Self esteem of their parents. There will be no significant difference in self esteem of the parent with respect to their Gender. There will be no significant effect of childs level of retardation on self esteem of their parents. There will be no significant effect of child gender on self esteem of their parents. METHOD Participants It will include all the children with mental retardation and their Parents who are coming to visit autonomous government institutes, non government organizations working in the field of disability rehabilitation. The elements considered for the sample will include individual diagnosed as mental retardation and assessed on standardized Intelligence test by self or by an expert working in the field of disability rehabilitation and their Parents having high or low self esteem. The size of the sample comprises of 200 children with Mental Retardation and their Parents with high or low self esteem. Age range of children with mental retardation will be between 6 to 18 years. In addition, student below 6 years and above 18years associated psychiatric or medical conditions and persons with learning disabilities, cerebral palsy and locomotor disability will be excluded from the study. The study will use multi-mixed method and it will be cross-sectional in nature where it primary aims is to see the effect and establish relationship between variables. Multiple methods help to give complete analysis of the research as almost all the aspects can be covered through it (Silverman, 2000). Non-Probability Judgemental sampling technique will be employed. Procedure Ethical issues regarding the data collection and participation of the subject will be considered. Data will be collected from the children with mental retardation and their parents using adaptive behaviour scale and self esteem inventory respectively. The data from the sample will be collected in two phase. Phase -I the children will be assessed for their Retardation, Adaptive Behaviour and Level of Retardation or already diagnosed by an expert will be assessed on adaptive behaviour and their parents will be employed on the Self esteem Inventory. Phase -II parent of children with mental retardation having no self esteem or not responded to the questions will be eliminated from the study, only with high or low self esteem will be included in the study. Measures Developmental Screening Test (DST). This was adopted by Dr. Bharat Raj (1977) form Denver Developmental Screening Test (1969), at All India Institute of Speech and Hearing (AIISH), Mysore. It measures mental development from birth to 15 years. It is a dependable assessment without requiring the use of performance Test. Appraisal is done by a semi structured interview with the child and parent or a person well acquainted with the child. It has 88 items distributed according to the age scale viz. 3, 6, 9, 1year 6 month, 2 year to 13 year and finally 15 year. At early stage motor behaviour items are kept. It signifies neurological and integrative behavioural implication which constitutes the natural starting point for development itself. Items of Adaptive Behaviour represent sensory-motor adjustment to object, person and situation. Binet- Kamet Test of Intelligence (BKT). This is adopted by Kamet (1934) from Stanford-Binet Scale of Intelligence. Burt (1939) comments that Binet scale is more efficient for the diagnosis of mental retardation more than any other test of intelligence. Its correlation co-efficient is higher than 0.7 and validity was found by comparing the IQ as measured by this test with estimated IQ by the teacher is 0.5. It is an age scale which extends from 3 years to 22 years as follows- 3 years to 10 years then 12 years, 14 years, 16 years, 19 years and 22 years. It measures ability that increase with age during childhood and adolescence. The test consists of 14 set for different age with 6 items and alternatives ranging between 1to 3. The test is administered individually to each subject. It measures the factors viz., Vocabulary, memory, imagery, reasoning, practical judgments, sensation, comprehension, perception of form, similarities, comparisons, and identical judgments (Madhavan, Kalyan, Naidu, Peshwaria and Narayan, 1989) Vineland Social Maturity Scale (VSMS). It is adopted from Doll (1935) by A. J. Malin for measuring adaptive behaviour of children between 1yr -15 yrs for Indian population. Scale consists of 89 items spread in the age range of 0-15 year. It has 8 domains and assesses the childs adaptive behaviour. The administration is carried out in the semi structured informal atmosphere. Experiments have shown a consistent and high correlation between VSMS Social Age (SA) and a Binet Mental Age. Doll (1935) reported a correlation of .96 on a sample of normal children. The subscale is: -Self-Help General, Self-Help Eating, Self- Help Dressing, Self Direction, Occupation, Communication, Locomotion, and Socialization. Self Esteem Inventory (SEI). Developed by Coopersmith (1986), is designed to measure evaluative attitudes toward the self in social, family and personal areas of experience. It has three forms viz., adult form, School Short Form and School Form. It consists of 58 items: 50 self esteem items and 8 items constitute the Lie Scale. The self-esteem items yield a total score and if desired, separate scores subscales General Self, Social Self etc. The subscales allow for variances in perceptions of self-esteem in different areas of experience. The present study uses the adult form. Data Analysis Data analysis will be carried out by using SPSS software16 version. The self esteem inventory will be standardized to use in Indian context, through various methods such as item to item total correlation will be applied to check the internal consistency of the questionnaires. Reliability test will apply to measure the reliability of the questionnaires. The relationship of adaptive behaviour of children with mental retardation and self esteem of their parents will be measured by correlation, single linear Regression. The comparison of self esteem among male and female will be measured through t- Test. Differences with respect to level of retardation will be measured through ANOVA. REFRENCES A manual of american association for mental retardation (AAMR), 2002 Barber, B.L. Eccles, J.S. (1992). Long term influence of divorce and single parenting on adolescents family and work related values, behavior and aspiration. Psychological Bulletin, 111 (1), 108 126 Campbell, E.; Adams, G.R., Dobson, W.R. (1984). Familial correlates of identity formation in late adolescent: A study of the predictive utility of connectedness and individuality in family relations. Journal of Youth and Adolescents, 13, 509-525. Coopersmith, S. (1986). Self Esteem Inventories Manual (4th Ed.). Consulting Psychologists Press, Inc. Palo Alto, California. Crocker, J. and Major, B. (1989). Social stigma and self esteem: The self- protective properties of stigma. Psychological Review, 96 (4), 608-630. Deiner, E. (1984). Subjective well being. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 542-575. Fidler, D.J., Hepburn, S., Rogers, S. (2006). Early learning and adaptive behaviour in toddlers with Down syndrome: evidence for an emerging behavioural phenotype. Down Syndrome Research and Practice, 9, 37-44. Hatton, D.D.,Wheeler, A.C., Skinner, M.L., Bailey, D. B., Sullivan, K.M., Roberts, J.E., Mirrett, P., Clark R.D.(2003). Adaptive behavior in children with fragile x syndrome. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 108, 373-390. Madhvan, T., Kalyan, M., Naidu,S., Peshawaria, R.,Narayan, J. (1989). Mental retardation: A manual for psychologists. National Institute for the Mentally Handicapped, Secunderabad. Malin,A.J. (1965), Manual of vineland social maturity scale. Mervis, C.B., Tasman, B.P.K., Mastin,M.E. (2001). Adaptive behavior of 4- through 8-year-old children with Williamss syndrome. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 106, 82-93. Prasher, V.P., Haque, M.S. (1998). Longitudinal changes in adaptive behavior in adults with Down syndrome: interim findings from a longitudinal study. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 103, 40-46. Person with Disability Act, (1995). The gazette of India, 5 Peshawaria, R., Venkatesan, S. (1992). Behaviour in children with mental handicap behavioural approach in teaching mentally retarded children: A manual for teacher. National Institute for the Mentally Handicapped, Secunderabad. Raj, B. (1977). A manual of developmental screening test. Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and adolescent self-esteem. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press. Silverman, D. (2000). Doing qualitative research. A practical handbook. London: Sage Publications. Taylor, S. E. Brown, J. (1988). Illusion and well being: Some social psychological contribution to a theory of mental health. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 193-210. Zigman, W.B, Schupf, N., Urv, T. , Zigman, A. and Silverman, W. (2002) Incidence and temporal patterns of adaptive behavior change in adults with mental retardation. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 107,161-174. World Health Organization (1992), International Classification of Diseases and related health problem: Tenth revision (ICD-10), Geneva. Wylie, R. (1979). The Self Concept (Vol. 2). Lincon: University of Nebraska Press.
Monday, August 19, 2019
My Job At E-dak :: essays research papers
My Job at E-Dak Coming to E-Dak, for me, meant leaving a comfortable "big-six" accounting position to work for a 30-person start-up. It was a tremendous gamble, but my choice came down to whether I wanted to continue performing repetitive audits or face new challenges at E-Dak Dynamics, and in the process help to change the world. Working for E-Dak places me at the epicenter of one of the world's most dynamic industries: telecommunications/ networking. Although I knew little about E- Dak's domain of fiber-optics, I felt strongly that my fate rested in the trenches of Silicon Valley, in an industry where only the paranoid survive, at a company with a business model in defiance of Moore's Law. At the time the term 'information superhighway' hadn't been coined yet, but it would soon become our driving focus, as data traffic over long-haul networks skyrocketed and the world's telecommunications providers increased their investment in high-capacity fiber-optics. With an innovative product line that provides pavement for the information highway, E-Dak quenches an unending and growing thirst for bandwidth. For me E-Dak has meant working at the fourth fastest growing company in Silicon Valley, with $500 thousand of revenue exploding to over $60 million in four short years. It has also meant playing a role in the information revolution. E-Dak gives me a broad business perspective. It's relatively small size facilitates a close interaction with department heads. If had I stayed in public accounting or gone to a larger corporation, I would not have earned the same breadth of experience, most likely being limited to working within a single division or with a handful of accounts. At E-Dak my scope encompasses all aspects of accounting and finance across the entire enterprise. My reports show the "big picture" and are used extensively by senior management as a map to chart company progress and plot future growth. A start-up firm gives me the opportunity to deal with a wide variety of issues. From its infancy, I have had the chance to help shape E-Dak's growth strategy. Once proving myself to management, I was given challenges beyond the realm of debits and credits, including managing a short-term investment portfolio, implementing an information system, establishing a German joint venture, and financing a real estate deal. I derive much pleasure in overcoming each new challenge and cherish the knowledge and experience gained in each endeavor. E-Dak has allowed me to develop working relationships with a premium community of finance and accounting professionals. I've gained insight into how accounting firm partners manage audit teams, how top-caliber investment bankers perform valuations, how banking officers approve funding requests, and how tax
Sunday, August 18, 2019
The Contrasts between Hayden and Stevens Essay -- Poetry Analysis
Both Robert Hayden’s poem â€Å"Those Winter Sundays†and Wallace Stevens’ poem â€Å"The Plain Sense of Things†describe different aspects of what defines house and home. Although a home can be a house, a house does not always mean a home. This difference, among other factors, correlates with how both poets play on the emotional undertones between a house full of people and a lone house in the woods. While Hayden seeks to describe how one’s house is a home because of a father’s love-filled action, Stevens delineates a house’s transformation from a home for people to a home for the natural world. Although the poets use two different tones for their respective poems, both define what a home could stand for. â€Å"Those Winter Sundays†depicts the speaker’s childhood memory of Sunday church mornings. The speaker explains that his father, despite having to work outside the rest of the week to provide for his family, would go outside early mornings to retrieve firewood to heat the home. Only when the heat from the fire would warm the whole house and he polished his son’s church shoes, would the speaker’s father wake the family from their slumber. No one showed their appreciation for this action that displayed the father’s love for his family. The speaker shows deep self-reproach from his indifference toward his father, which he concludes was from being young and naà ¯ve. In line 5 (â€Å"No one ever thanked him†) and in line 10 (â€Å"Speaking indifferently to him†) the speaker explicitly states that during those times he did not particularly care whether or not his father took the time to warm the house, polish his good shoes and then wake him up for church. At the time the speaker may have been fearful of his parents fighting, confrontation or yelling tha... ...s and downs. Both â€Å"These Winter Sundays†and â€Å"The Plain Sense of Things†set out to describe what the speaker feels a home is, whether it’s where one’s family is or where life resides in. Either poem takes intricate detail using the seasons to help reflect the underlying emotions of the poem’s voice along with standout lines that help the reader know what the speaker aims to say, why they say it and how they choose to say it. Hayden and Stevens do a nice job of conveying a certain sense without having to be boldly explicit. Works Cited Hayden, Robert. â€Å"These Winter Sundays†. Poems, Poets, Poetry: An Introduction and Anthology. Ed. Karen S. Henry. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2010. 6. Print. Stevens, Wallace. â€Å"The Plain Sense of Things†. Poems, Poets, Poetry: An Introduction and Anthology. Ed. Karen S. Henry. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2010. 8. Print.
Manatees :: essays research papers
Manatee, common name for each of three species of a large water mammal, popularly called a sea cow because it grazes on marine grasses and other water plants. The Amazonian manatee ranges throughout the Amazon River basin in South America; the West African manatee occurs in rivers and coastal waters of tropical West Africa; and the West Indian, or Caribbean, manatee is found in rivers and coastal waters from the southeastern United States and the Gulf of Mexico to the Caribbean Sea and northeastern Brazil. An adult manatee has a rounded body, usually colored light to dark gray or black, that tapers to a horizontally flattened, rounded tail. It is 2.5 to 4.5 m (8 to 14 ft) long, depending on the species, and weighs 200 to 600 kg (440 to 1300 lb). The small head includes a straight snout and a cleft upper lip with bristly hairs. Its nostrils, set on the upper surface of the snout, are closed tightly by valves when the animal is under water. The paddlelike forelimbs are set close to th e head; no external hind limbs exist. Massive, heavy bones and long, narrow lungs, which extend through the entire body cavity, give the manatee evenly distributed buoyancy. A manatee cow gives birth about a year after mating; usually a single, pink calf is born.Manatees live in small family groups, although they occasionally travel in herds of 15 to 20. They feed in both freshwater and salt water, grazing for six to eight hours a day. An adult consumes an amount equal to between 5 and 10 percent of its body weight daily. Manatees have a slower metabolism than other mammals of similar size, which sharply reduces their energy requirements. This is especially important for Amazonian manatees when waters recede after floods, confining some for extended periods in shallow waters away from plants on river banks. Manatees have few natural enemies because of their size. However, their population has been reduced significantly by heavy hunting for hides, meat, and blubber oil, and they are frequently injured or killed in collisions with boats. Manatees :: essays research papers Manatee, common name for each of three species of a large water mammal, popularly called a sea cow because it grazes on marine grasses and other water plants. The Amazonian manatee ranges throughout the Amazon River basin in South America; the West African manatee occurs in rivers and coastal waters of tropical West Africa; and the West Indian, or Caribbean, manatee is found in rivers and coastal waters from the southeastern United States and the Gulf of Mexico to the Caribbean Sea and northeastern Brazil. An adult manatee has a rounded body, usually colored light to dark gray or black, that tapers to a horizontally flattened, rounded tail. It is 2.5 to 4.5 m (8 to 14 ft) long, depending on the species, and weighs 200 to 600 kg (440 to 1300 lb). The small head includes a straight snout and a cleft upper lip with bristly hairs. Its nostrils, set on the upper surface of the snout, are closed tightly by valves when the animal is under water. The paddlelike forelimbs are set close to th e head; no external hind limbs exist. Massive, heavy bones and long, narrow lungs, which extend through the entire body cavity, give the manatee evenly distributed buoyancy. A manatee cow gives birth about a year after mating; usually a single, pink calf is born.Manatees live in small family groups, although they occasionally travel in herds of 15 to 20. They feed in both freshwater and salt water, grazing for six to eight hours a day. An adult consumes an amount equal to between 5 and 10 percent of its body weight daily. Manatees have a slower metabolism than other mammals of similar size, which sharply reduces their energy requirements. This is especially important for Amazonian manatees when waters recede after floods, confining some for extended periods in shallow waters away from plants on river banks. Manatees have few natural enemies because of their size. However, their population has been reduced significantly by heavy hunting for hides, meat, and blubber oil, and they are frequently injured or killed in collisions with boats.
Saturday, August 17, 2019
Research Proposal Essay
Overview This dissertation aids in identifying the fundamental, extrinsic aspects influencing the dynamics of employee turnover and how it affects the surrounding atmosphere including internal and external behaviour of an organization. Employee turnover is one of the much talked challenges faced by employers which hinders an organization’s sustainable growth and generates negative synergy among other employees. This review can assist in analyzing strategy for retention and reduction of employee turnover in both public and private sector organizations. Organizations invest immensely in recruiting and developing their employees as it relates to continuous success of the organisation. Hence employee turnover is a potential loss for any firm. HR managers try to prevent the employee turnover by implementing effective retention strategies. Employee turnover is a common issue in Indian IT sector, though the trend has been reduced for the interim due to the recession. This dissertation helps in suggesting productive retention strategy in the organizations; and make recommendations to management of the organizations on how to effectively retain employees and reduce turnover. This review focuses on labor cost being a quintessential factor in the employee turnover process. In order to minimize the costs associated with the turnover, firms are implementing various strategies. Considering the fluctuation in direct and indirect costs of labour turnover, therefore, management does incessant studies to recognize the reasons why people leave organizations so that appropriate action can be undertaken by the management. Providing competitive salaries and other benefits, empowerment, providing stock options, flexible work hours are few of such strategies adopted by the firms to retain their staff. But how significant are these strategies to the employees? (James and Mathew: 2012. 79,page 1) Bussin (2002) asserts that constant training and development of emplo yees’ skills can actually aids employee early turnover rather than strengthening their retention. Providing employees with the latest training and development opportunities enhances the employee skills leading to escalating their chances of mobility. (Samuel and Chipunza; 2009) Our discussion proceeds in following steps. First, we investigate the aspect of money being the main motivator of employee turnover or could there be other motives. Next we identify the role of management to achieve a self- actualised employee and understand the factors that lead to this phenomenon.The final section of this dissertation discusses the results of the study and the conclusion. One of the main challenges to Emiratisation in the private sector is related to adapting the legal framework to accommodate national jobseekers’ needs. While they are well protected and privileged in the public sector, Emiratis find themselves vulnerable in private sector jobs. This is mainly due to a stricter legal framework that is mainly designed for the transient expatriate workforce in the private sector. A simple comparison between the contents of the Labour Law No. 8 of 1980 (and its amendments), which governs the employment relationship in the private sector and the employment legislations in the government sector reveal vast differences in favour of citizens who work in the public sector, as opposed to those working in the private sector. In general, employment legislation in the government sector stipulates in detail various rights and obligations of workers, while much of the employment relationship in the private sector is left to be determined through contractual agreements between employers and employees. Also, residence permits tend to tie expatriates to one specific employer, tipping the balance in labour turnover unfavourably against citizens, who are not tied in this way (Mellahi and Wood, 2002). A study by Abdalla et al. (2010) examining the determinants of employment and wage levels in the UAE found evidence to support the notion of a dual labour market that is segmented by sectors (public versus private) and nationality of workers (citizens versus expatriates). The experience of UAE citizens, who until recently had easy access to public sector jobs with wages inconsistent with the market value of their human capital, makes their expectations regarding wages and working conditions unrealistically high. This makes them unattractive to profit-oriented employers in the private sector. As a result, GCC citizens often prefer to wait for a government job rather than take a private sector job, even if they are aware that the wait might last many years (Shaban et al., 1995) Another 23 per cent of the respondents indicated they would take a private sector job as a temporary measure to earn a salary until finding employment in the public sector. In total, half of the interviewees indicated that they see no future career for themselves in the private sector at all. These answers were consistent across all three groups of interviewees. Respondents were very clear about the factors that make them prefer one sector over the other. For those who prefer the public sector, the main factors were job security (39.5 per cent), salary levels (31.5 per cent), and advancement opportunities (30 per cent). Other significant, but less frequently cited reasons to prefer the public sector, were more vacations (10 per cent) and relatively less working hours (8.3 per cent). When asked what a private sector organisation would need to do to make her apply for a job, a female graduate in our sample answered: â€Å"I don’t want to sign my death paper. The salary, the wor king hours and the contractual conditions I would sign would equal that.†It is interesting to note that while a small number of respondents (15 per cent) indicated that they would prefer to work in the private sector, many (38 per cent) said that good career opportunities exist in the private sector. Those who prefer the private over the public sector cited advancement opportunities (44 per cent) and finding a job consistent with one’s specialisation (33 per cent) as the reason for their preference. However, these attributes were not sufficient to attract many Emiratis to pursue employment in the private sector due to several structural barriers reflected in inferior salary levels and employment conditions in the private sector compared to the public sector. In addition to the basic preference for public sector employment, it was also clear that this preference is supported by a strong sense of entitlement to such jobs and the salary levels coming with it, as one male student puts it: â€Å"We are a rich country – Thank God – and the government pays well because it can afford to do so. It is our right as nationals to have jobs that pay well.†This sense of entitlement (Al Gergawi, 2008) is deeply rooted in the existing social contract, changes to which Forstenlechner and Rutledge (2010) argue need to be communicated urgently if citizens are no longer able to be employed in the public sector at current levels. When asked about factors affecting their decision to accept a job offer from an employer, respondents gave the highest rating to employee rights (48.3 per cent) and job security (45 per cent). These were followed by working conditions and availability of advancement opportunities. Table I further shows that Emiratis in general are unwilling to take risks with regard to their job and career choices. Job security and protection of employee rights are their top priority, followed by working hours and advancement opportunities. Despite the importance of salary and benefits, these were not on the top of the list as shown in Table I. Salary: Salary expectations Our findings support the contention that one of the major barriers to Emiratisation in the private sector is the high reservation wage required by Emirati job seekers. When asked what minimum monthly net salary they would work for, 38 per cent indicated that they would accept 6,000-10,000 dirhams[1]. However, 32 per cent had a reservation wage of 10,000-15,000 and a further 12 per cent said they require 15,000-20,000. The remaining 18 per cent said their required salary would be above 20,000. However, when asked what they think they should get paid, respondents’ answers were higher than their individual reservation wage. In this case only one female respondent said she considered a monthly salary of 6,000-10,000 fair. 37 per cent of respondents said they should get 10,000-15,000, 20 per cent indicated that they should get 15,000-20,000 and 8 per cent said fair pay would be 20,000-25,000 monthly. The remaining 30 per cent, however, considered a fair wage to be upwards of 25,000 monthly, with 10 per cent actually expecting a monthly net salary between 35,000 and 50,000[2]. These expectations are clearly driven by public sector (welfare) wages, as one male student explained: Salary expectations Our findings indicate that young Emirati jobseekers on average have a higher expected salary than their – already relatively high – individual reservation wage. This points to several somewhat troubling conclusions: . The average reservation wage for young Emirati job seekers is high compared to the expatriates they are competing against in both sectors, confirming previous research (Bremmer, 2004; Godwin, 2006; Mellahi, 2007). . The perceived fair pay for young Emirati job seekers is higher than their reservation wage, which means they are likely to experience pay dissatisfaction even when they accept job offers in the generally lower paying private sector. . The perceived fair pay and the reservation wage required by the majority of Emirati job seekers interviewed in this study is comparable to the going rates in the public sector for national employees of similar calibre. This clearly indicates the need to consider the potential impact of pay policies in the public sector on Emiratisation efforts and policies, as they effectively hinder private sector employment. We see the roots of such expectations in the structure of the labour market, where public and private sector are governed by different considerations and different rules and regulations. Therefore, one of the key hindrances remains the salary difference between the public and the private sector. As it is unrealistic that public sector pay will be lowered, as recommended by the IMF (2004), and just as unrealistic to expect the private sector to match public sector salaries and benefits in the context of the UAE, we therefore support a recommendation made by Abdalla et al. (2010) to revise the wage-setting mechanism in the public sector. They suggest to separate the total public sector wage into two parts: pay related to market considerations and productivity of workers (efficiency wage); and (2) a portion motivated by the desire to improve the standards of living and wealth distribution for citizens (welfare). They assume that, in the UAE, only part of the wage paid to national workers in the public sector is related to the value of their human capital or their work performance, while the other part is a transfer payment to raise the standards of living for citizens. Separating the two components has two advantages: (1) it sends the right signal to national workers about the realistic value of their human capital; and (2) it helps to remove the distortion of labour market mechanisms in setting wages according to market forces. Mechanisms to extend the welfare component of pay to those citizens working in the private sector will need to be implemented. Subsidizing wages of citizens in the private sector to bridge the gap between the efficiency and welfare components of pay might be a reasonable alternative. Funding of these subsidies can be secured through fees imposed on employers who recruit foreign workers. Selective application of such fees on employers depending on number of foreigners recruited and affordability to pay might be needed to ensure fairness and avoid excessive burdens on certain employers. As mentioned previously, salary is, of course, not the only aspect where expectations are driven by the public sector. The same is true for days off work, as one male student puts it: â€Å"All I am asking for is normal vacations†, with â€Å"normal†in this case meaning those vacations the public sector offers. Recommendations for further research Further research is needed to clarify the perspective of private sector employers on localisation, for example the perceived threshold of tolerable legislative changes and their perception and intention of compliance. Also, research is needed to analyse the potential effects of employment laws and regulations on the effectiveness of workforce localisation policy and the legislative changes that might be needed to enhance its outcomes. Further quantitative, large-scale testing of some of the conclusions regarding the attitude of jobseekers would also be beneficial to further investigate the perceptions of jobseekers, possibly by delivering a survey to a large number of students enrolled in the higher education system. Understanding the process of employee turnover has been interpreted differently by various researchers depending on the controlling factors of the socio-cultural environment. This is because different factors have been found useful when it comes to interpreting employee turnover, and these have been used to model turnover in a range of different organizational and occupational settings. They include: job satisfaction (Hom and Kinicki, 2001); labour market variables (Kirschenbaum and Mano-Negrin, 1999); various forms of commitment (see Meyer, 2001 for a review); equity (Aquino et al., 1997); psychological contract (Morrison and Robinson, 1997); and many others (see Morrell et al. (2001a) for a review). S. Wren (1980) also suggested that to reduce employee turnover the company should keep employees informed on company matters, encourage employee innovation and setting clear communication channels between top management and lower employees. Also Inge, Peter , Arnold and Jan (2003), sugg ested that work motivation is related to emotional exhaustion which in turn induces employee turnover rate in their longitudinal study. Considering the prolonging economic downturn, the primary stimulating factor impacting employee turnover has been money, as consequently it affects both employees and their respective organizations. However, organizations try to implement other strategies to keep employee turnover to a minimum level by rewarding their employees with better incentives and bonuses. Research has portrayed that even when people’s main motivation for work is not money, if they are offered a higher salary by other organizations, they would not be hesitant to leave their current job, thus leading to high employee turnover. In response, researchers have recently turned their attention towards employee work motivation as predictors for employee turnover (Richer et al., 2002), as motivational sources have been found to influence employee turnover beyond job satisfaction and organizational commitment (e.g. Mitchell et al., 2001). In fact, some authors proclaim that the primary aim of incentives is to enhance better motivation by satisfying an individual employee’s needs indirectly through means of pay and bonuses (Anthony and Govindarajan, 2007; Kunz and Pfaff, 2002). Some UAE scholars pointed out that â€Å"Motivation is an important subject area for researchers and practitioners all over the world. ( Abubakr M and Nawal , p 86)†It is an ongoing universal argument if money is the main motivation causing high employee turnover within an organization. Therefore, this literature review is based on theory testing evidenced by past studies on staff turnover and retention, not supported by theory building. All these theories consolidated as one forecasts potential costs of organizations in diversifying pay, mainly through two kinds of de-motivating factors: first, individuals that don’t earn as much as they feel their work deserves may perceive that they are less-well valued than their higher-paid counterparts; and second, higher-paid individuals may perceive that they are more valuable than they actually are (Kohn, 1998; Carr, 2004). In reference to (Abdulla j., Djebarni R. and Mellahi K, 2011, p138) employees in the UAE put a strong emphasis on salary and incentives especially for non-UAE nationals because of their impact on living standards and importance in providing a sense of security where perceived job security is very low. Furthermore, the high importance of salaries and incentives could be due to the high cost of living in Dubai compared to other Middle Eastern emirates. Having reviewing the EU countries such as Greece, extrinsic rewards such as pay give better outcome in the organizations and their governments actually want to convince private sectors on the importance of intrinsic rewards where workers are motivated to work without expecting a reward and love what they do. (Manolopoulos D., 2008) Crucial factors like employee involvement and the process of performance rewarding impacts the degree to which employees are included in decision-making processes. Are they occasionally asked for input or feedback? Or are they authorized and challenged to make a difference? Obviously, the greater an employee’s level of involvement in the decision-making process, the greater the sense of ownership for the outcomes of such decisions, which, in turn, assures employees that he/she is a part of the organization as a whole. (Dell’Agnese, 2001; Mintzberg, 1994a,b,c, 2001a,b; Pfeffer, 2001a,b; Piggott, 1997). One of the effective ways of reducing staff turnover is making more effective use of existing staff resources and in attempting to put together a pay package which attracts and retains staff, through rewarding them fairly for their performance (A. Baines, (1991) pp. 8 – 10). According to one source (Curtis S. and Dennis W. 2001, p.59), the cost of replacing an employee is higher than recruiting a new staff. This is because of accumulated cost of the loss of skills, knowledge, experience and the investment in training. There is also the disruption to the work and staff, when a new employee is recruited, there are barriers like new challenges of adopting to the culture of the organization, personality conflicts, time taken to familiarize with the job description etc. Also, many other administrative cost associate with the employee turnover process like agency fees for recruitment firms, wasted time in exit interview process and administrative process of recruitment being time consuming and expensive etc. As further discussed by (Curtis S. and Dennis W., 2001, p.61-62), to get employees committed quickly, they should feel emotionally attached to the organization and feel that resigning would be a personal sacrifice for them where they would have an obligation and responsibility to stay. One of the interesting fast track employee commitment mentioned is offering flexible hours. Organizations should have improved retention schemes through flexible working options implementing other family-friendly policies like baby-sitting facilities, special consideration for new mothers and expecting mothers etc. Other initiatives might include workshops aimed at achieving a better work-life balance, access to a range of domestic services, extended maternity leaves, paid vacation breaks and extended parental leave. Since, the UAE is a family oriented culture, majority of employees would appreciate having easygoing strategies in their work place which allows them to have a work-life balanced with fami ly life. A worker lacking motivation is a problem waiting to happen. That’s why companies need to be able to ensure that their workers are fully motivated to do their jobs. If this isn’t the case then all that knowledge that they may possess isn’t fully utilized as a result of them not putting in 100percent (Maria C. Osteraker, 1999, pp. 73 – 77). Money as the sole motivation for work or production isn’t exactly the right solution. As portrayed within the proposal it is an important aspect, but should not be classified as highly crucial, since it is evident that other factors are arising. Taking into consideration that employees may transfer to other companies for a higher rise in money, however the effect is only temporary as behavioral aspects is also taken into account. Therefore it’s a balance of both. As Carolyn Wiley put it, Motivation is not a fixed trait; it is a combination of various aspects. (Wiley C., 1997, pp. 263 – 280). Going by this article (Industrial and Commercial Training, 1975, pp. 508 – 508). It details that it was Herzberg in the 1960’s who determined that money was not the sole motivator. It also goes on to state how the issue of money could be mixed. Both negative and positive, a worker will not accept a job that pays less simply because the all-round package was better. However he/she may accept a similar paying job if other aspects were improved. In other words they are looking for the right balance between the two. The dissertation is crucial because it shows the organizations the reasons behind employee turnover; it explains why it is happening in an organization. The main purpose of this dissertation was examining the impact of the retention on employee turnover; high employee turnover leads to collision on the competence and continuation within the organization. It is seen that many organizations features these kinds of issues with the labor turnover because it can lead to loss of the organizations, time consuming of the management and stress in the workforce plans. The study portrays that; pay can be one of the main motives for staff turnovers, also culture of the organizations and the job satisfactions. These three factors lead to labor turnover within the organization. Employee would stay in the organization if retention strategies are available like training sessions, good work timings, and employee’s proposal. Welfare benefits can be assigned as one of the main motives; as penetration after employee retirement and insurances. And other factors like personal and job satisfaction. (Employee Retention Strategies: IT Industry, Leena James and Lissy Mathew, July-Sept2011), (the impact of career motivation and polychronicity on job satisfaction and turnover intention among hotel industry employees, Jichul Jang, B.S, August 2008) This paper can be applied to the UAE. This is because almost half of the UAE population made up of expatriates. As a result the workplace is incredibly varied. So the question is why these people come from far and wide just to seek employment. Is it money or just a better work environment? Judging by the influx of new foreigners each year it is most likely a combination of the two. Humans are different in their own way so one person’s needs may differ from another, however if there’s one thing that’s been proven it is that money cannot be the only factor when selecting a job as then no-one really benefits. References 1. Alan D. Smith, William T. Rupp, (2003),†Knowledge workers: exploring the link among performance rating, pay and motivational aspects†, Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 7 Iss: 1 pp. 107 – 124 2. Carolyn Stringer, Jeni Didham, Paul Theivananthampillai, (2011),†Motivation, pay satisfaction, and job satisfaction of front-line employees†, Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management, Vol. 8 Iss: 2 pp. 161 – 179 3. Anders Dysvik, BaÌŠrd Kuvaas, (2010),†Exploring the relative and combined influence of mastery-approach goals and work intrinsic motivation on employee turnover intention†, Personnel Review, Vol. 39 Iss: 5 pp. 622 – 638 4. Kevin M. Morrell, John Loan-Clarke, Adrian J. Wilkinson, (2004),†Organisational change and employee turnover†, Personnel Review, Vol. 33 Iss: 2 pp. 161 – 173 5. Abubakr M. Sulaiman and Nawal Al-Sabri (2009), Surviving through the global downtown; employee motivation and performance in healthcare industries, the open business journal. Vol. 2 Iss: 2 pp. 86 – 94 6. Stuart C. Carr, Matthew R. Hodgson, Duncan H. Vent, Ian P. Purcell, (2005),†Pay diversity across work teams: doubly de-motivating influences?†, Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 20 Iss: 5 pp. 417 7. Susan Curtis, and Dennis Wright (2001), â€Å"Retaining Employees – The Fast Track to Commitment†, Management Research News, Vol 24 p.59-61 8. Jassem Abdulla, Ramdane Djebarni, Kamel Mellahi, (2011),†Determinants of job satisfaction in the UAE: A case study of the Dubai police†, Personnel Review, Vol. 40 Iss: 1 pp. 126 – 146 9. Golnaz Sadri, Brian Lees, (2001) â€Å"Developing corporate culture as a competitive advantage†, Journal of Management Development, Vol. 20 Iss: 10, pp.853 – 859 10. Dimitris Manolopoulos, (2008),†An evaluation of employee motivation in the extended public sector in Greece†, Employee Relations, Vol. 30 Iss: 1 pp. 63 – 85 11. Maria C. Osteraker, (1999),†Measuring motivation in a learning organization†, Journal of Workplace Learning, Vol. 11 Iss: 2 pp. 73 – 77 12. Industrial and Commercial Training, (1975),†Money as a motivator†, , Vol. 7 Iss: 12 pp. 508 – 508 13. Stephen Flynn, (2011),†Can you directly motivate employees? Exploding the myth†, Development and Learning in Organizations, Vol. 25 Iss: 1 pp. 11 – 15 14. A. Baines, (1991),†Appraisal-based Pay†, Work Study, Vol. 40 Iss: 2 pp. 8 – 10 15. S. Wren (1980), â€Å"Motivation is the key to reducing turnover†,ABA Banking journal. Vol.72 Iss:9 pp.28 16. Houkes, Inge; Janssen, Peter P. M.; de Jonge, Jan; Bakker, Arnold B. (Dec 2003), â€Å"Specific determinants of intrinsic work motivation emotional exhaustion and turnover intention: A multi sample longitudinal study†, Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology, Vol. 76 Issue 4, p427-450. 24p. 17. Carolyn Wiley, (1997),†What motivates employees according to over 40 years of motivation surveys†, International Journal of Manpower, Vol. 18 Iss: 3 pp. 263 – 280 18. SCMS Journal of Indian Management July-September 2012, Employee Retention Strategies: IT Industry Leena James and Lissy Mathew 19. The impact of career motivation and polychonicity in job satisafaction and turnover intention among hotel industry employees, Jichul Jang, B.S., August 2008) 20. (Employee retention and turnover: Using motivational variables as a panacea; African Journal of Business Management Vol.3 (8), pp. 410-415, September, 2009 DOI: 10.5897/AJBM09.125 ISSN 1993-8233,2009; Michael O. Samuel* and Crispen Chipunza) Mohammed A. Al-Waqfi and Ingo Forstenlechner, The case of young citizens in an oil-rich Arabian Gulf economy. Of private sector fear and prejudice Vol. 41 No. 5, 2012 pp. 609-629
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